Long Distance Learning Essay Research Paper Distance free essay sample

Long Distance Learning Essay, Research Paper Distance instruction allows you to analyze at place or in your office, harmonizing to your ain agenda, there are no categories to go to. Generally, each class comes with a manual that may be accompanied by videotapes, audiotapes, audio Cadmiums, computing machine floppies, CD-ROMs, etc. , depending on the nature of the class. As good, many classs incorporate computing machine conferencing, e-mail, listservs, computer-based quizzes, and the Internet. Some classs are wholly online, utilizing the World Wide Web as an advanced acquisition environment. Distance instruction provides a modern-day agencies through which the University may spread out in helping others in fostering their instruction. The Open Learning plan is an unfastened admittance distance-only manner of survey that provides entree to degree-credit university classs for persons who wish to analyze independently but are non interested in prosecuting a grade at the University degree at the present clip. You may register in the Open Learning plan, even if you are registered at another educational establishment or plan. The Open Learning plan extends the academic resources of the University to those interested in personal enrichment, professional updating, or eventual application to a degree plan. Open larning plan pupils must finish the same assignments and scrutinies as those in degree plans and is evaluated utilizing the same criterions. Upon successful completion of a class, scholars receive the same recognition weight as would use to the degree plan. Most distance instruction courses count as degree recognition ( .5 recognition weight ) . Some are non-credit. The result of each class offered by the Office of Open Learning is noted in the single class descriptions available. Persons wishing to take degree-credit distance instruction classs for personal enrichment, professional development, or eventual application to a degree plan, may inscribe in the Open Learning plan. Continuing instruction consists of non-degree classs, workshops, conferences, and certification plans for your professional development and personal enrichment. These unfastened earning chances are chiefly offered in a face-to-face format and are delivered on-campus or at site convenient to larning audiences. Most distance instruction or flushing go oning instruction certification plans consist of five classs. If you were to take one class a semester, it would therefore take five semesters, or about two old ages. A few go oning instruction certification plans, such as the Turf Managers Sort Course, can be completed in every bit small as one month. Distance classs are merely every bit demanding as on-campus United Nations iversity classs. They require a important sum of reading and authorship, and a corresponding sum of clip is required to finish class demands. A general regulation of pollex is that you should anticipate to pass 10 hours per hebdomad for each class taken. However, there is some fluctuation in the nature of assignments and teacher demands, every bit good as single survey wonts. We recommend that you set up a survey modus operandi and agenda early in the semester. Distance instruction classs typically have anyplace from two to ten assignments, and each assignment has specific demands and a set due day of the month. Information on your class assignments and assignment deadlines are located in the Assignment, Evaluation and Instructor Information unit for each class, which is sent to you when you register. The care of accurate records is necessary in order to track all assignment entries. As a service to both pupils and teachers, the Office of Open Learning # 8211 ; Distance Education maintains and provides information on the position of pupil assignments, such as when a specific assignment has been received, graded and returned to a pupil Northwestern State University ( NSU ) in Natchitoches, Louisiana was a participant in the NASA Jove Program in the early yearss of the plan. Students from NSU worked with applied scientists from NASA/Lewis Research Center on infinite undertakings. In recent old ages, NSU pupils did non hold an chance to work straight with NASA applied scientists. Then, in 1997, Dr. Lissa Polaccia contacted a computing machine scientist at NASA/Lewis, Dot Carney, through the cyber-fellowship of an international mailing list called # 8220 ; systers # 8221 ; . Dot agreed to mentor a twosome of NSU under-graduate pupils via electronic mail, as an exercising in Long Distance Education. In the first exercising, two NSU pupils, Ingrid and Chad, received an assignment from Dot via electronic mail. They wrote a numeral filter utilizing Excel and Visual Basic, with programming being done at NSU on university computing machines. As they proceeded in the assignment, they sporadically mailed updated versions of their plans to Dot. She loaded their plans on a NASA Personal computer, tested them, and so emailed a response to the pupils with remarks about their work. In the autumn of 1998, Ingrid returned to go on and has been joined by David. They will shortly be having a new LDE exercising. Resources: International Web Page of Long Distance Learning 1998 Long Distance Learning College of Louisiana U.S. Distance Learning Association Footnote: all informations here is from e-mailing bespeaking farther information on Long Distance Learning and what it outlooks are. 334

Service Marketing Pre-Purchase Stage free essay sample

Introduction To market services effectively, marketing managers need to understand the consumer decision process applies to both goods and services. In this essay, firstly, I am going to analyze the pre-purchase stage of service experiences in Modern Beauty Salon which is a beauty salon that I encountered recently. Secondly, I will evaluate the different types of risk which I perceived before consumption. Thirdly, I would like to illustrate the various strategies that the company offered in order to lower my perceived risks.Finally, I will use a diagram to identify the various components of my expectation in the pre-purchase. Analysis of pre-purchase stage Need awareness â€Å"When a person or organization decides to buy or use a service, it is triggered by an underlying need or need arousal. †(Christopher, 2009) In my case, as my work is busy that make me tired, on the other hand I concern very much my appearance especially my face skin quality, I was triggered to have a need of facial treatment provided by beauty salon. We will write a custom essay sample on Service Marketing Pre-Purchase Stage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These are my unconscious minds. Once a need has been recognized, customers are motivated to search for solutions. †(Christopher, 2009) When my need was recognized, I took action to resolve it. I went on the internet looking for information of different beauty salons. After that I had an evoked set in my mind. Christopher wrote that â€Å"Several alternatives may come to mind and these form the evoked set, which is the set of possible products or brands that a customer may consider in the decision process. † When I had an evoked set, the different alternatives are needed to be compared and evaluated before a final choice is made.Evaluation of Alternatives During the evaluation of alternatives, there are three parts including service attributes, perceived risks and service expectation. For service attributes, it includes search attributes, experience attributes and credence attributes. Search attributes are tangible characteristics that customers evaluate before purchase. Experience attributes are those that customers must to experience or they cannot be evaluated before purchase. Credence attributes are characteristics that customers find hard to evaluate confidently even after consumption.For beauty service, the search attributes include the location, decoration and setting of the shop that make me consider whether this shop could provide me a comfortable feeling. Then, the experience attributes is that I need to actual consume the facial treatment in order to evaluate the quality of the service. After that, I have to observe whether my skin quality is improved. It belongs to the credence attribute. Perceived risk â€Å"Since services have more experience and credence attributes, they are harder to evaluate before purchase. This uncertainty increases customers’ perceived risk. (Christopher, 2009)† In the following part, I would like to analyze different types of perceived risk during my evaluation of service. For the functional risk, I perceived whether the facial machines used are effective and good enough to provide me a satisfied treatment. For the financial risk, I perceived whether I will overpay for the facial treatment that I will actual receive. For the temporal risk, I would be worried that how long I have to wait when my face was applied toner or mask. For the physical risk, I concern whether the mask pasted on my face would cause me any sensations since my skin is easily allergic. For the psychological risk, I worried about whether the cosmetologist will ask me about my personal details as I am not a talkative person. Also, I was afraid whether my personal belongings are safe. For the social risk, since the firm I choose is not a very top salon among other companies, I wondered whether my friends or colleagues would appreciate my choice. For the sensory risk, I worried about the machine noise, pain caused by the products application, and the temperature of the air-conditioned environment. The beauty salon has some strategies in order to reduce my risk perception.

AIDS The Guilt and Failure of the West

AIDS The Guilt and Failure of the West An interview with Craig Timberg, author of the book How the West Sparked the AIDS Epidemic and How the World Can Finally Overcome It, conducted by Dave Davies on the NPR show, Fresh AirAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on AIDS: The Guilt and Failure of the West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More AIDS, as a disease which involves the most intimate of behaviors, reflects differences between cultures in the way they approach marriage and sex. This makes it a prime locus for poor communication between the leaders of a people and the people themselves, and between different peoples. Both in its origins and the ill-advised ways that it has been addressed by outside parties, it has been a mysterious and difficult disease to identify, to track, to understand, and to prevent, much less cure it! Craig Timberg, a journalist with years of experience in South Africa, has written a book about the origin of the AIDS epidemic and the ways that Western countries have contributed to the problem. According to his interview with NPR radio’s Dave Davies, he makes a number of important and revealing points, including the following: The AIDS virus originated in the chimpanzee, and genetic testing of samples from all over the world has shown how it may have spread from the non-human to the human primate population. He contends that the genetic tests which identify the amount of mutation which has occurred to the virus suggest a date of entry into the human population that coincides with the imposition of forced labor on the indigenous tribes by colonial powers. This labor (carrying goods across the continent through the deep jungle, by foot or train or steam ship) would have pushed into the chimpanzee’s territories, and exposed them to contagion by, for example, butchering a chimpanzee. Additionally, the forced labor in mines placed huge numbers of men far away from their wives, and encouraged promiscuity. Man y of these behaviors have been exacerbated in recent decades, and AIDS has exploded. The circuitous route that the virus took allowed African leaders, like Thabo Mbeki., to deny the reality of the situation. Such denialists blamed outsiders for its introduction. This led them to some very unconstructive responses. Timberg notes that in South Africa, effective drugs were not introduced in the way that they were in, for example, Zimbabwe. Timberg notes that in countries where, paradoxically, western help was not forthcoming to the same extent, for example in Uganda, indigenously generated solutions have been remarkably helpful. He notes that the choice to encourage staying with your plural wives, as opposed to discouraging all sex, such as that made by leader Yoweri Museveni, which was more congruent with existing behavior, was easier to implement.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He used a homely image; that of the goat grazing in a circle while tied to a stake, to represent the kind of sexual behavior that would prevent death. He also asserts that the traditional African practice of circumcision would help to halt the spread of the disease (Timberg). It is virtually impossible to understand or evaluate all these points without reference to anthropological ideas and techniques. First, the European colonists entered Africa with absolutely no sense of cultural relativism (Scupin 2008, 58). They were deeply ethnocentric† (Scupin 2008, 18), and therefore regarded anything that the indigenous peoples did or avoided as mere superstition or pagan deviltry. Thus, any local objections to going deep into the bush would have been dismissed and ignored, and the polygyny (Scupin 247) practiced especially by ‘big men’ (Scupin 221-222) was discouraged by missionaries without replacing it with workable sexual rules of behavior, according to Timberg (Timberg). Second, the reaction of some of the indigenous leaders to the onset of the AIDS epidemic has been very reminiscent of the response to other disorders such as the Creutzfeldt-Jakob or â€Å"mad cow† disease, which was acquired from human brain ingestion. Indigenous theories of causation for such illnesses focused on sorcery (Scupin 229), or, in some cases witchcraft (Scupin 228). This sort of belief system is mirrored in the way that some African leaders have been able persistently to deny the relationship between AIDS and sexual behaviors engaged in by the vast majority of the population rather than as purely a manifestation of poverty or sabotage or racism (Timberg) (a perspective which may be part of what leads to the appalling rape of baby girls for magical protection against AIDS). Timberg contends that the most effective measures against the spread of AIDS have utilized the indigenous values (Scupin 2008, 53), norms (Scupin 2008, 56) and enculturation (Scupin 50) of the existing community, rather than any such values, norms, or cultural expectations imposed from outside.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on AIDS: The Guilt and Failure of the West specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, scaring people into remaining faithful to their multiple wives works better than counseling abstinence in a culture that has little history of monogamy and regards sex as a positive good. Furthermore, Timberg asserts that traditional circumcision practices can reduce the spread of the virus by removing the fragile tissue that the virus apparently can populate more readily than the other tissues in that region of the body (Timberg). This last is one of the areas for further careful investigation. There is already an appalling amount of damage done to young girls by genital mutilation. To encourage the re-introduction of a surgical procedure in a region where clean water is not even usually avail able seems risky. Furthermore, the practice of circumcision can mean all sorts of things, depending on the specific group, and may not accomplish the intended and hoped for effect. Additionally, Timberg does not mention in his interview the destructive practice of ‘dry sex’, which sets up a receptive environment for the transmission of all sexually transmitted diseases. If he does not mention this in his new book, this would be an area for encouraging behavior change to investigate. This interview gives what seems to be a thorough overview of the book, and the topic is compelling. The history of this dreadful disease offers multiple chances for the application of anthropology to understanding and problem solving. Only by endeavoring to understand human behavior in its own context can we hope to help humanity survive over the long term, and anthropology is a crucial tool in that endeavor. Scupin, Raymond. Cultural Anthropology: A Global Perspective. 7. Upper Saddle Rive r: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. 2012. Timberg, Craig. Tinderbox: How The West Fueled The AIDS Epidemic. Fresh Air. Dave Davies. NPR, 27 February 2012. Web. www.wbur.org/npr/147491878/tinderbox-how-the-west-fueled-the-aids-epidemic.

New Technologies and business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Technologies and business - Essay Example The age of globalization has led to economic reforms and the developing economies have opened the doors to foreign investments. Thus the markets in the merging economies have accepted foreign investments that have led to the transfer of new technologies as a result of the foreign direct investment by the developed economies. Due to the increase in investments by the foreign investors, the business identity of the local market has also been a point of consideration to the policymakers. The economic policies of the local governments have allowed subsidies and incentives in the form of reduced taxes and other allowances in order to encourage foreign investments to take place in the domestic markets. This has exposed the domestic markets to foreign competition in terms of technological advancements, quality and pricing. The multinational companies have set up their establishments in the emerging markets. Thus the legal construction of the boundaries of the sovereign states was crossed an d this led to the transfer of new technologies required to tap the opportunities of the emerging markets in the age of globalization. The new technologies brought about by the multinational companies in several states across the world have created a business identity for themselves in the worldwide markets. The multinational companies like the International Business Machine, Apple Inc, Microsoft, General Motors, Unilever Corporation, Morrison, etc. are from different industries that have brought new technologies in the worldwide markets. The research and development wings of these companies have developed the new technologies in accordance to the customized demand of the markets and this has helped them to develop a business identity for themselves. By introducing the new technologies that have fulfilled the market demands and satisfied the customers have helped them to enter the new markets and capture the market shares. The multi-national business houses that have brought about ne w technologies in the world wide markets have been able to increase their market capitalization. The new technologies have the businesses to manufacture and sell products to the customers which are of unexpectedly high quality and at the same time cost effective. The air of globalization and the transfer of new technologies across the legal boundaries of sovereign states have led to the development of a brand image and goodwill in the market. This is the mark of the business identity that has been achieved due to the process of globalization and increased consumerism. The advent and transfer of new technologies across the legal and geographical boundaries of states had an impact on the sovereignty of the states and its people. Due to the application of the new technologies in the host countries and the change in the quality, style and pricing of products and services, the taste and lifestyle of the people also changed. The states witnessed an increase in consumerism and the employme nt level in the states improved. The increase in the number of job opportunities in the economy of sovereign states led to the rise in income level. With more money in the hands of the population, the

Discussion Board - JIT Just In Time Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board - JIT Just In Time - Assignment Example ion in small quantities, production based on the Masters schedule of production and orders, reduced wastage, improvement of production flow continuously, as well as improvement of quality of production and many more. This paper will narrow on Production in accordance with the Masters schedule of production and order as the key principle. This will be examined in relation to Pizza Pizzeria as a company that has adopted the principle. Production in accordance with the Masters schedule of production and orders is a principle that only makes production based on the orders received from the customers. The goal of this production is to ensure that the goods and services that are produced are all consumed by the customers and there is no wastage at all. This is the principle that Pizza Pizzeria has adopted in its production. The company only produces based on the orders that it receives from the clients. Though this mode of operation was originally meant for Pizza production, the company has extended this mode of production to the entire foodstuff it sells. This production has ensured that Pizza Pizzeria does not inquire any losses as a matter of wastage. The principle works positively to the company since even the customers are aware that they would have to wait for their food to be processed. Customers now make it their habit to use their premise as a meeting place where they can meet as they wait for their food to be ready. Beckford, C. L., & Campbell, D. R. (2013). Domestic food production and food security in the Caribbean building capacity and strengthening local food production systems. New York, NY: Palgrave

Nonwestern Literature Essay Example for Free

Nonwestern Literature Essay Modern literature does not show the extent to which literature has come. Medieval forms of literature reflected an unprecedented level of purity and originality. A study of the similarities and dissimilarities between cultures reveals the exchange of ideology that occurred many centuries ago. This gives weight to the assertion that modern forms of literature from different regions of the world once shared certain characteristics. It should not get assumed that the different forms of literature arose from the same inspiration. Rather, the varying types of literature occurred separately. However, due to improvements in technology and communication, forms of literature have become similar over time. An in-depth look at Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese literatures highlights this clearly. China and India, as countries from the East, have a winding, rich, and spectacular literary tradition. The exchange of literary accomplishments between the two nations has never ceased even until modern times. The primary groundwork for such an exchange became established through the introduction of Buddhism into China. As a result of this introduction, Indian literature began imparting nourishment to its Chinese counterpart. Thus, Chinese literature adopted plenty of influences from Indian literature. Resulting effects on Chinese literature have manifested themselves in aspects of aesthetic tendency, form, subject, rhetoric and vocabulary. In ancient times, Buddhism served as the key medium for Chinese-Indian literary exchanges. Chinese literature has become more and more influenced by Indian literature in recent times due to the assimilation of Buddhist influences. Nevertheless, the extent and nature of the literary exchange between India and China has become two-sided and complementary in recent times. There exist similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the form of literature gets classified as primarily oral. In both Chinese and Indian literatures, extensive written forms of literature appeared in later periods compared to the emergence of oral forms of literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the emergence of written forms of literature arose due to the spread of literacy programs pioneered by the ruling authorities in both countries. Also, both Indian and Chinese literatures have different forms of literature contributing to the overall state of literature in the respective countries. Moreover, both Indian and Chinese literatures have experienced changes due to modern influences from the western world. On the other hand, a few differences arise between Chinese and Indian literature. Chinese literature has always gotten expression through only one language. This has remained true for the over 3000 years which the Chinese civilization has existed. On the contrary, Indian literature has experienced segmentation due to the presence of numerous languages within India. The Indian culture has officially recognized 22 languages and among these languages, 21 of them have establishes their own unique forms of literature. Indian literature has gotten influence from the various traditions that have governed over the country. Throughout its history, various family traditions have dictated the nature of ownership over the country. In turn, the varying styles of ownership have had an unmistakable effect on the types of literature. Thus, different ownership periods as demarcated by family traditions have different kinds of literature. Conversely, various dynasties throughout the whole period of its sovereign existence have ruled China. This has led to the classification of types of literature based on the particular dynasty that ruled the country at the time of the emergence of the literature. These dynasties include Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. During the existence of all these dynasties, various forms of literature have arisen. For instance, early woodblock and poetry became embraced during the Tang dynasty while novels gained prominence during the Ming dynasty. Chinese and Egyptian literatures share many points of reference. Both forms of literature began experiencing formative influences before the Common Era. Egyptian literature has its roots in ancient Egyptian culture. Along with Sumerian literature, ancient Egyptian literature gets classified as the one of the earliest forms of literature. In both forms of literature, the ownership periods played a key role towards the definition and classification of different types of literature. Both Chinese and Egyptian forms of literature have pioneered forms of writing, which had not existed earlier. Egyptian literature gave rise to hieroglyphics. Also, the writing of blurbs began in the 14th century Egyptian times. The writing of blurbs thus emerged as a key component of literary writing in the contemporary world. Both forms of literature have allowed the influence of different forms of literature from other countries. Egyptian literature became molded by the influx of foreign poets who flocked the town of Alexandria. These poets originated from Greece and Rome. They immigrated to Alexandria so as to utilize the library facility in the town. As a result of their extended stay in Egypt, the poets began expressing their literature in Arabic language. Inevitably, the existing literature within Egypt became fused with the literature brought by the European poets. The infiltration and influence of Indian Buddhism has played a prominent role in the shaping the Chinese literature toward adopting Indian connotations. Meditation has become a key component of Chinese literature unlike previous times. This lays testament to the fact that Indian Buddhism has left an indelible mark on Chinese literature. In Chinese literature, the initial form of literature consisted primarily of oral forms. Written forms of literature appeared during later periods of civilization. This stands in stark contrast to Egyptian literature, which has the autobiography as its oldest form. Egyptian literature got expressed in papyrus reeds. These provided the writing material on which ancient Egyptian writers would record their literary works. Also, Egypt invented calligraphy, which emerged as a key means of writing during that era. Chinese literature has received influence primarily stemming from the ruling influences within the country. The dynasties that have exercised governorship over the country have molded the types of literature within China. In contrast, Egyptian literature has experienced influences stemming from external sources. The conquering of Egypt by Muslim Arabs had a major impact on the literature in Egypt. Libraries became established and literature thrived. Papyrus reeds became replaced by cloth paper as writing surfaces. Another difference between Egyptian and Chinese literature appears when it comes to the overriding motive behind the change in literature. In Chinese literature, the changes undertaken in literature have occurred involuntarily and with the noble aim of improving the Chinese culture. On the other hand, changes in Egyptian literature have become implemented for the sole purpose of embracing Islam. The majority of Egyptian literature back in medieval times consisted of wisdom literature. This shows that the wider number of Egyptian literary works got written mainly for instruction and guidance. Such instruction recognizes the social format of life that exists in Egypt. Family values take the first place in Egypt. As a result, the forms of literature within the country give precedence to the values honored by families. However, the majority of forms of literature written in China became formulated for the purpose of entertainment. This arises due to the communal nature of the Chinese culture. Hence, the forms of literature become designed in such a way as to amuse and thereby engender a sense of togetherness within the community. ?Egyptian and Indian literatures have stunning similarities and glaring differences. The bulk of both Egyptian and Indian literatures bears literature intended for instruction. Both Egyptian and Indian cultures recognize the supremacy of family values. Thus, the literature of both countries became formulated with the intention of providing the families with instructive information regarding family life. Indian folklore and Egyptian folklore combined as key elements towards the formation of storytelling formats. Both Indian and Egyptian literatures have become molded for the purpose of accommodating religious beliefs. Literature in Egypt has evolved with the passage of time as it becomes more permissible to the Islamic faith and body of beliefs. Since Islam has gained wide acclaim as the state religion, the form of literature within Egypt has sought to reflect this truth in its form. This has endeavored to avoid hurting the religiously-trained consciences of Egyptians. In India, religion has had a major impact towards the changes that have occurred in Indian literature. India plays host to majority of the world’s most populous forms of faith. Buddhism alone has had an understated effect on the form of Indian literature. The prevalence of meditation techniques within Egyptian literature gives evidence of the extent of Buddhist influence.? However, a few differences exist between Indian and Egyptian literatures. Egyptian literature had its beginnings much earlier than Indian literature. This necessarily makes Egyptian literature richer than Indian literature. The superior quality of Egyptian literature becomes apparent through a sober consideration of the genres that have gotten invented due to Egyptian literature. Indian literature has become classified in terms of tradition due to the ideologies that have governed the country. In the contrary, Egyptian literature has always manifested their Islamic inclinations. Also, Egyptian literature received notable influence from European poets while India has risen to become the source of poetic influence to other countries like China. The history of Egyptian literature had its beginnings in ancient Egypt. The River Nile had a massive influence on the development of Egyptian literature. The town of Alexandria served as a major confluence for the emergence of literary influences. This happened because of the presence of the Library of Alexandria. This library served as hubs for poets originating from Greece and Rome, which served as key world powers in that time. The influence of these foreign poets had an unprecedented effect on Egyptian literature. Beginning from the period of the tyrannical Pharaohs until the conclusion of the Roman Empire’s rulership, ancient Egyptian literature got expresses in Egyptian language. Ancient Egyptian literature gains recognition as the world’s earliest form of literature along with other genres like Sumerian literature.? However, forms of writing in ancient Egypt did not surface until the late periods of the 4th century. This included both hieratic and hieroglyphic forms of writing. At some time before the modern era, the available literary works included epistles and letters, texts, hymns and poems, and memorials. These biographical texts got penned so as to document the professional lives of noteworthy administrative marshals. These developments notwithstanding, narrative forms of Egyptian literature became created in late periods of the 17th century BC. The formation of narrative forms sparked a media revolution in the whole of Egypt. Such a revolution occurred due to various factors. The unprecedented rise in literacy levels played a primary role for the revolution. Other factors included widespread access to written literature, rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials.? The history and tradition of Indian literature primarily features verse though it also seems fundamentally oral. The earliest works became composed for the purpose of getting sung or recited. In this raw form, they became transmitted throughout a number of generations before getting written down as permanent recordings. As a result of this belated recording, the earliest records of a text appear later by several millenniums than the stated date of its initial composition. Furthermore, probably because the majority of Indian literature appears as either religious or as a reworking of common stories from the Sanskrit tales, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the mythological writings, the authors often maintain their anonymity. Biographical components and details of the lives of the majority of the earlier Indian authors appear only in much later myths and legends. In medieval Indian literature, the earliest works in many of the languages were sectarian, designed to advance or to celebrate some unorthodox regional. Much traditional Indian literature is derived in theme and form not only from Sanskrit literature but from the Buddhist and Jain texts written in the Pali language and the other Prakrits (medieval dialects of Sanskrit). This applies to literature in the Dravidian languages of the south as well as to literature in the Indo-Iranian languages of the north. Invasions of Persians and Turks, beginning in the 14th century, resulted in the influence of Persian and Islamic culture in Urdu, although important Islamic strands can be found in other literatures as well, especially those written in Bengali, Gujarati, and Kashmiri. After 1817, entirely new literary values were essay, and literary drama (this last incorporating both classical Sanskrit and Western models)—that gradually engulfed the customary Indian verse genres. Urdu poets remained faithful to the old forms while Bengalis were imitating such English poets as Percy Bysshe Shelley or T. S. Eliot.? The history of ? Chinese literature extends for thousands of years. This started from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature fictional novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty. These mature fictional novels became penned for the sake of entertaining the masses of literate Chinese citizens. To various Westerners, Chinese literature remains hugely unexplored in comparison to the rich state of the Chinese culture. As a matter of fact, it is a treasure of a very considerable number of brilliant and profound works as each dynasty, in the long history of China, has passed down its legacy of magnificent events and works. For 3500 years, they have woven a variety of genres and forms encompassing poetry, essays, fiction and drama; each in its own way reflecting the social climate of its day through the high spirit of art. Chinese literature has its own values and tastes, its own reigning cultural tradition and its own critical system of theory. Chronologically, it can be divided into four main periods: classical, modern, contemporary, and the present-age literature. Classical literature refers to the earliest period and covers works from three thousand years ago to the late Qing Dynasty and is a virtually unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. Since it was nearly always developed under the reign of centralized and unified government, it is imbued with the thoughts of a culture that embraced slavery and a feudal society. It was steeped in an enclosed environment that hardly had any real links with religion or least of all the literature of foreign cultures. ? Modern Literature refers to the period from the Opium War in 1840 to the May Fourth Movement in 1919. As the decadent reign of the Qing failed to inspire the minds of people, the literary forms had remained unchanged; till the Opium War in 1840. Then they absorbed the impact of western thoughts as foreigners poured in China and established their colonies. Novels, poetry and other works began to appear with a theme of patriotism and a revelation of social ills. Contemporary literature spanned the period from 1919 to the foundation of modern in 1949 and took on a new vigor, despite the fact that Chinese was in the throes of checkered and complicated times. This period was distinctive as it brought into being a new and revised literary language, form, content and skills allowing it to evolve into an independent and open art available to the whole of society. It attached great attention to peoples lives and a future with strong political tendencies. Influenced by the tide of the world literature, it provided wide and amiable communication between writers and readers. Present-Age literature has evolved since the establishment of the Peoples Republic in 1949. During this time, there was a logjam as a consequence of the Cultural Revolution that lasted for nearly 10 years. That era is now long past and we now have a favorable turn on events and a great number of responsible writers deepen the literary forms and content. Nowadays literature prospers. As the Chinese nation is a racial mix of Han people together with 55 other ethnic groups, literature reflects this. The various ethnic groups have contributed greatly in this field.? China stands as the only country worldwide with a mono-language literature for over 3,000 years. This continuity comes from the nature of the written language itself. It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western languages, that is, most important in the Chinese language. The characters stand for things or ideas and so, unlike groups of letters, they cannot and need never get sounded. Thus Chinese could be read by people in all parts of the country in spite of gradual changes in pronunciation, the emergence of regional and local dialects, and modification of the characters. A revolution held in China marked the dynasties whereby a clan ruled over an empire. Inevitably, the significant change of Chinese society that occurred with the change of government invariably led to an alteration of literature. Thus, Chinese literature gradually became westernized and Classical language got absolved from utilization. The national government desired for women to enjoy equal privileges like men. This clamor for an equal status in society resulted in plenty of women writers and scholars. As a result, the amount of politically oriented literature doubled. Academicians got unrestrained access to literature from foreign countries while plenty of students received scholarships so as to study abroad. The New Culture Movement became disbanded and writers endeavored to blaze the trail in transforming China into a modern industrialized nation. Writers also intended to replace Confucian life-style with a modern, westernized one. Under the leadership of the national government, there existed some freedom of expression. During that period of relative freedom, lots of different views and styles of literature became widely popular. But at the moment China came under attack from Japan, the resulting Communist victory led to the curtailing of former freedoms. For instance, only literature that met the approval of the government became allowed. Egyptian literature has also experienced plenty of changes due to interaction with western cultures. The expansion of the international market has necessitated the presence of many foreigners within Egyptian soil. As a result of such mingling, Egyptian literature has become influenced by western attitudes and notions. India has become a key player in the Commonwealth of Nations movement. Inevitably, it has become the focal point for conducting business within Asia. Thus, Indian literature has adopted other cultures. Buddhism has also become part and parcel of the literature of many other countries. This highlights the exchange that has undoubtedly occurred between Indian literature and other forms of literature. REFEREENCES Allen, James P. (2000), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.? Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Press.? K, Kripalani (1970). Modern Indian Literature.? Knight, Sabina (2012). Chinese Literature : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series.? Levy, Andre (2000). Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.? Lichtheim, Miriam (2006), Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom, with a new foreword by Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.? M. , Winternitz. (1973) . A History of Indian Literature.? Mair, Victor H. (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.? T. , W. , Clark. (1970). The Novel in India.? Quirke, S. (2004), Egyptian Literature 1800 BC, questions and readings, London: Golden House Publications.

OLD BLOOD AND GUTS Essay -- essays papers

OLD BLOOD AND GUTS General Patton was a devoted student of history, a poet, a humble man who was very unsure of his own abilities, a man who could bust into tears at any given moment, and could be charming or quite insulting all in the same hour. His reckless, outspoken manner gained him friends and enemies of equal determination. General Patton was not only extrovert of public perception but he also had an intensely private side. He was a man who trained himself for greatness with a determination matched by no other Allied General of World War Two. During the war, Patton led U.S. troops in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily, then took command of the Third Army, leading the troops through the German lines at Normandy to traverse France and eventually into the heart of Germany. His toughness on enemies as well as his own forces earned him the name â€Å"Old Blood and Guts.† General George Smith Patton’s leadership and tactics were the best of any Allied general of World War Two. Old Blood and Guts was born in 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He was a man who from a very early age knew he was destine for a life in the military as one can read in his journal â€Å" When I was a little boy at home I used to wear a wooden sword and say to myself: ‘George S. Patton, Jr., Lieutenant General’.†1 He followed his dreams and gained an educated at Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy. On his graduation in 1909 Patton was commissioned a second lieutenant; he advanced in rank to full General by 1945. George Patton served as aide-de-camp to the American General John Joseph Pershing on Pershing’s expedition to Mexico in 1917. As a young lieutenant Patton was asked by General Pershing why he should be chosen to go on a dangerous mission The young, cocky Patton replied, â€Å"I want to go more than anyone else.†2 After making a name for himself early in his career, Patton earned a promotion; beginning the practice of many promotions to come. His experiences in Mexico prepared him for the soon to come war in Europe. In France during World War One Patton was offered a position as a tank core commander. In his journals, he wrote, â€Å"I will have to grow and grow a lot. But I will. Here is my chance.†3 soldier’s testimonies added to his reputation of being a tough commander. After a battle, he was quoted by some soldiers as saying â€Å"You are not bea... ... of solace, and the basis of practically every thing he did. Patton’s nephew wrote â€Å"The Bible was his companion and the church his refuge.†11 It was not uncommon to see General Patton weeping at the side of a dead or dying solider during his Army career. General George Smith Patton was a great American leader. His victories for America in Mexico, in World War One, and in World War Two proved his amazing leadership skills to the world. His bold, new tactics in France during World War Two are the basis of the modern military. Throughout his career, General Patton earned the respect of his men, his superiors, and the enemy. General George Smith Patton's leadership and tactics were the best of any Allied general of World War Two. WORKS CITED Blumenson Martin. Patton the man behind the legend. New York.:Berkly Publishing Company, 1984. Desto Carlo. Patton a genius for war. New York.: Harper Collins Company, 1995. Ladisias Fargo. Patton: Ordeal and Triumph. Chicago.: Ivan Obolengres company, 1981. Wallace Brenton. Patton and his Third Army. New York.: Battery Press, 1981. Blumenson Martin. The Patton Papers 1940-1945. Boston.: Houghton Muffin Company, 1974.